GENEVA, Feb 10 (Reuters) - For the first time, physicists
have created a new form of matter by recreating the conditions
thought to have existed 10 microseconds after the Big Bang at the
start of the universe, scientists announced on Thursday.
The European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), based
outside Geneva, said scientists from more than 20 countries
conducted a series of experiments which smashed together heavy
lead ions in a fireball to prove a theory that had only existed
on paper for years.
By generating collisions at temperatures 100,000 times as
hot as the sun's centre and at energy densities never before
reached in laboratory experiments, they succeeded in isolating
tiny components called quarks from more complex particles such
as protons and neutrons, CERN said in a report.
This provided "compelling evidence" for the existence of a
new state of nuclear matter, a quark-gluon plasma, which CERN
described as "the primordial soup in which quarks and gluons
existed before they clumped together as the universe cooled
down".
According to CERN, the breakthrough in the project
affectionately known as the "Little Bang", is an important step
in understanding the early state of the universe, created some
12 to 15 billion years ago in a massive explosion, or Big Bang.
"A series of experiments using CERN's lead beam have
presented compelling evidence for the existence of a new state
of matter 20 times denser than nuclear matter, in which quarks,
instead of being bound up into more complex particles such as
protons and neutrons, are liberated to roam freely," it said.
"Such a state must have existed just a few microseconds
after the Big Bang, before the formation of particles of matter
as we know them today," it added.
DISCOVERY OPENS UP NEW TERRITORY
Some 350 scientists from institutes in 20 countries took
part in seven large experiments linked to CERN's accelerator and
its lead beam programme which began in 1994.
The institutes, in the Czech Republic, France, India, Italy,
Germany, Sweden and Switzerland, measured aspects of the
invisible collisions, such as their electromagnetic radiation.
"The combined data coming from the seven experiments on
CERN's heavy ion programme have given a clear picture of a new
state of matter," said Luciano Maiani, director-general of the
20-member state CERN.
"This result verifies an important prediction of the present
theory of fundamental forces between quarks. It is also an
important step forward in the understanding of the early
evolution of the universe," the Italian physics professor added.
The discovery achieved at Europe's particle physics research
centre, a sprawling complex straddling the Swiss-French border,
provides strong incentive for future planned experiments to
"definitively confirm" the quark-gluon explanation, CERN said.
The focus of research on quark-gluon matter now shifts to
the United States. A national laboratory at Brookhaven on Long
Island in New York plans to begin its own experiments this year.
"There is still an entirely new territory to be explored
concerning the physical properties of quark-gluon matter,"
Maiani said. "The challenge now passes to the Relativistic Heavy
Ion Collider at the Brookhaven National Laboratory and later to
CERN's Large Hadron Collider."
CERN plans to begin an experimental programme, including a
heavy ion experiment, at its Large Hadron Collider in 2005.